The Perfect Progressive Tenses

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Mindmap

Present Perfect Progressive 01:26

• I have been waiting for 20 minutes.
• I have been studying since I was a child.
• It has been snowing all day long.

refer to recently completed actions

• Your eyes are red. Have you been crying?

额，能用present perfect吗？
我的理解：因为 present prefect progressive 相比present perfect多了 progressive，所以和present联系更紧密，上面的例子我理解为泪痕未干，刚刚哭过。而present perfect 表达的就是已经有一段时间了。

I have been <=> I've been

past perfect progressive

The past perfect progressive emphasizes the duration of a past action before another action happened.

• I had been smoking for 10 years before I quit.

四个组成部分：

1. had been followed by an -ing verb.
2. adverbs for and since: to express duration
3. adverbs before, when or by the time: introduce a second action
4. second action: uses the simple past tense.

more example:

• I had been studying for 12 years by the time I graduated from high school.
• She had been living there since she was a child.
• He had been teaching for 12 years before he was certified.

问：如果second action 是 was 那express duration的只能是before？或者没有这个adver？

describe a recently completed action

• My clothes were wet because it had been raining.
• He was talking loudly because he had been drinking.

这里recently 的应该是second action

Future perfect progressive 05:20

The future perfect progressive describes the duration of an action as it relates to a future event.

two form:

1. will have been plus a present participle, followed by "when" or "by the time" and the second action

• I will have been working 35 years by the time I retire
• The doctor will have been working for 24 hours by the time his shift is finished.
  the second planned action, retire, is in the simple present
  问：为什么发生在future的second action(future event)的tense 要用simple present？因为first action 已经表明了它是future？它只能是future？所以这个时态就要用最简单的-simple present

2. be going to have been plus a present participle followed by "when" or "by the time" and the second action

• By the time the plane arrives, I am going to have been waiting for five hours.

时态只关注duration-到second action 发生的间隔时长，对于first action 是已经开始 还是没有开始 是不清楚的。

• 医生是否已经工作不清楚
• 是否正在候机不清楚，可能当前是早上8点，飞机下午7点到，我会在下午2点到机场等-动作未发生。也可能是现在下午3点，已经等了1个小时。

Words in This Story

word	meaning	出处	含义	关联
wet	covered in a liquid, especially water		潮湿的
certified	adj. having met the official requirements that are needed to do a particular type of work 文章中的解释		有资质
certify /ˈsɛːtɪfaɪ/	verb.		证明；颁发专业合格证书
reverse	to change something completely so that it is the opposite of what it was before		反转

勘误

• You look tanned. Have you been sunbathing?

资源

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