7.2 Tense

有两种分类方法：

1. 传统：16种时态
2. 新式：时（Tense） 和 体（Aspect）

• An Introduction to Verb Tenses
• Are You Progressing with Progressive Tenses
• Have You Perfected the Perfect Tenses
• The Perfect Progressive Tenses
• Fun with Future Tenses

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Simple	Present	I drive home every day	simple present verb
	Past	I drove home yesterday	Simple past verb
	Future	I will drive home later	will/be going to + simple present
Progressive	Present	I am driving now.	am/is/are + -ing verb
	Past	I was driving when you called	was/were + -ing verb
	Future	I will be driving when you call	will be + -ing verb
Perfect	Present	I have driven that road	have/has + past participle verb
	Past	I had already driven that road in the past	had + past participle verb
	Future	I will have driven 200 miles by tomorrow	will have + past participle verb
Perfect Progressive	Present	I have been driving since this morning	have/has + -ing verb + for/since
	Past	I had been driving for three hours before I stopped to get gas	had been + -ing verb + for/since
	Future	I will have been driving for five hours by the time I arrive.	will have been + -ing verb + for/since

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传统分类法有16种时态，缺少过去将来相关的4种时态：

1. The Past Future Simple/The Past Future Indefinite Tense: 过去将来时
2. The Past Future Continuous/Progressive Tense: 过去将来进行时
3. The Past Future Perfect Simple/The Past Future Perfect Tense: 过去将来完成
4. The Past Future Perfect Continuous/Progressive Tense: 过去将来完成进行时

The Simple Present

be	第一人称单数：am 第三人称单数: is 其他人称: are
have	第三人称单数: has 其他人称: have
其他动词	第三人称单数: 动词原型 + -s/-es 其他人称：动词原型

The Simple Past

第一人称单数/第三人称单数：was
其他人称：were

Perfect

The Present Progressive

情感、口气、态度

1. 强调某个反复重复的动作，表示说话人对主语行为在感情上的反应，如亲切、惊奇、赞美、不满等。
   表示重复的adverbs: always, continually, constantly, forever, all the time

• He's always thinking of how he could serve the people better.

2. 婉转口气，只限于 hope, want, wonder等

• I'm hoping you'll give us more help.

3. 说话人的决心和态度

• I'm flying to Beijing this weekend. 我看不出来这里的决心
• I'm not eating in that restaurant again.

持续性（重复发生或连续进行）

1. 强调动作或过程的持续性

• The surface of the earth is changing constantly.

1. 瞬时性动词，表示动作重复发生

正在进行、状态变化

1. 正在进行或发生的动作
2. 现阶段正在进行，此刻不一定进行的动作
3. 具有描绘作用
   比较有动感，引导想象事情发生在眼前

将来